If you’ve been ignoring symptoms like thinning hair, dry skin, or unexpected mood swings, your body may be sending a critical message: your thyroid could need medical attention.
“The thyroid gland may be small, but it plays a vital role in regulating how our body functions,” says Dr. Nisha Kaimal, Consultant in Endocrinology and Diabetology at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital in Mumbai. “It controls metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and even brain development and emotional well-being.”
Thyroid disorders—most commonly hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism—are widespread, particularly among women. “Hypothyroidism, where the thyroid doesn’t produce enough hormones, is the most prevalent thyroid disorder in India,” explains Dr. Kaimal. “Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, results from excessive hormone production.”
Skin: A Silent Messenger
Often, one of the first signs of a thyroid imbalance appears on the skin. “In hypothyroidism, skin becomes dry, rough, pale, and may even turn scaly,” says Dr. Kaimal. Facial puffiness and swelling around the eyes are also common. People with underactive thyroids may notice a heightened sensitivity to cold and reduced sweating.
By contrast, hyperthyroidism can make the skin feel warm, smooth, and clammy. “Increased sweating, especially on the palms and soles, along with skin darkening or hyperpigmentation, can signal an overactive thyroid,” she adds.
Hair and Nails Tell Their Own Story
Hair and nail changes can also indicate thyroid dysfunction. “Thyroid hormones are essential for maintaining healthy hair follicles. When hormone levels drop, hair often becomes dull, brittle, and may thin significantly,” says Dr. Kaimal. One hallmark of hypothyroidism is the loss of the outer third of the eyebrows.
In cases of hyperthyroidism, temporary hair loss and brittle nails that detach from the nail bed are more typical. Spoon-shaped nails or vertical ridges can also be signs of an underactive thyroid.
Emotional Shifts: More Than Just Stress
Symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, and mental fog are frequently dismissed as stress or ageing—but they may stem from thyroid issues. “Hypothyroidism is strongly linked to depression, poor memory, and slowed cognitive function,” warns Dr. Kaimal. “In fact, thyroid testing is often recommended for individuals presenting with depressive symptoms.”
Meanwhile, those with hyperthyroidism might experience anxiety, insomnia, irritability, or restlessness. Muscle weakness and persistent fatigue can intensify mental health struggles.
Broader Physical Signs to Watch
Weight fluctuations, changes in heart rate, and menstrual irregularities are additional red flags. “Unexplained weight gain is commonly seen with hypothyroidism, which also slows the heart rate,” Dr. Kaimal explains. “Conversely, hyperthyroidism tends to cause sudden weight loss and a rapid pulse.”
Women may also see disruptions in their menstrual cycle, with heavier or irregular periods in hypothyroidism and lighter or less frequent periods in hyperthyroidism.
When to Consult a Doctor
Diagnosis is typically straightforward through a blood test that checks TSH, T3, and T4 levels. “Early detection and management of thyroid disorders can help prevent complications such as heart disease and mental health conditions,” says Dr. Kaimal.
She emphasizes the importance of thyroid health during pregnancy. “Roughly 2–3% of pregnancies are affected by thyroid disorders. If not properly treated, these can pose serious risks to both mother and child. Ideally, thyroid function should be stabilized before conception.”
Additionally, any swelling or lump in the neck should not be ignored. “Thyroid nodules are relatively common and usually benign, but a small percentage can be cancerous,” Dr. Kaimal cautions. “Timely evaluation is key to ensuring the best possible outcome.”
Listen to the Signals
“Whether it’s persistent fatigue, skin changes, or unexplained emotional shifts, these could be your thyroid’s way of raising an alarm,” Dr. Kaimal advises. “Don’t overlook the signs—your body is always trying to tell you something.”
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